Bulgaria:
Geography

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Other pages in this profile of Bulgaria:
People, Government, Economy, Communications & Transportation, Military & Transnational Issues.


Background	Definition The Bulgars, a Central Asian Turkic tribe, merged with the local Slavic inhabitants in the late 7th century to form the first Bulgarian state. In succeeding centuries, Bulgaria struggled with the Byzantine Empire to assert its place in the Balkans, but by the end of the 14th century the country was overrun by the Ottoman Turks. Northern Bulgaria attained autonomy in 1878 and all of Bulgaria became independent from the Ottoman Empire in 1908. Having fought on the losing side in both World Wars, Bulgaria fell within the Soviet sphere of influence and became a People's Republic in 1946. Communist domination ended in 1990, when Bulgaria held its first multiparty election since World War II and began the contentious process of moving toward political democracy and a market economy while combating inflation, unemployment, corruption, and crime. The country joined NATO in 2004 and the EU in 2007.

Location	Definition Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Romania and Turkey
Geographic coordinates	Definition 43 00 N, 25 00 E
Map references	Definition Europe
Area	Definition - World rank and map total: 110,910 sq km land: 110,550 sq km water: 360 sq km
Area - comparative	Definition slightly larger than Tennessee
Land boundaries	Definition total: 1,808 km border countries: Greece 494 km, Macedonia 148 km, Romania 608 km, Serbia 318 km, Turkey 240 km
Coastline	Definition 354 km
Maritime claims	Definition territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Climate	Definition temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers
Terrain	Definition mostly mountains with lowlands in north and southeast
Elevation extremes	Definition lowest point: Black Sea 0 m highest point: Musala 2,925 m
Natural resources	Definition bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land
Land use	Definition - World rank and map arable land: 29.94% permanent crops: 1.9% other: 68.16% (2005)
Irrigated land	Definition 5,880 sq km (2003)
Total renewable water resources	Definition 19.4 cu km (2005)
Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)	Definition total: 6.92 cu km/yr (3%/78%/19%) per capita: 895 cu m/yr (2003)
Natural hazards	Definition earthquakes, landslides
Environment - current issues	Definition air pollution from industrial emissions; rivers polluted from raw sewage, heavy metals, detergents; deforestation; forest damage from air pollution and resulting acid rain; soil contamination from heavy metals from metallurgical plants and industrial wastes
Environment - international agreements	Definition party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Geography - note	Definition strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land routes from Europe to Middle East and Asia

Bulgaria: Geography

Bulgaria:
Geography